Radix Technology

A comprehensive review of the RADIX project

Radix DLT is an unprecedented infinitely scalable, distributed Ledger protocol for trustsless systems. it is a high-throughput platform for building and distributing decentralized applications.

Furthermore, Radix was invented to enhance utililization on devices that has limited resources, this will facilitate mainstream adoption and aid utility in the Internet of Things (IoT). For developers, Radix is suitable and efficient for the creation, distribution and management of highly scalable, efficient and secure distributed applications for public and private networks. Radix public network is a modular, general-purpose, global computer for decentralized applications which facilitate inexpensive and scalable transactions speedily in addition to near-instant finality.

Radix provides a unique and quality distributed Ledger architecture for Decentralized applications, which is sharded to propel in an efficient, unbounded linear fashion together with a secure consensus algorithm refered to as Tempo.

Radix's Tempo ledger is made up of three basic constituents, these are;
A networked cluster of nodes.
A global ledger database distributed across the nodes.
An algorithm used for the creation of records of temporally ordered events which are secured by cryptography.
A tempo can be related to a subject while it's an atom, an object. Atoms has one or more endpoint destination, which is represented by an endpoint address. Endpoint addresses are gotten from an identity. Other atoms and several data can be found in an atom based on their purpose. Tempo are dependent on eventual consistency for a total ordering of events to be obtained.

Tempo ledger is a distributed database that secure all Atoms in existence. It is horizontally scalable and offers support to semi-structured data, it is also efficient in update entries. A local ledger instance which runs on a node can be configured some if not all of the global ledger. A subset of the global ledger is a shard. Subst if shard space can be supported by nodes through reconfiguration, with this, IoT devices with poor performance can be able to scale.
Sharding is a basic feature of design in Radix, atoms will therefore be in the right shards, and an appropriate node for a respective atom will be efficiently determined. Atoms available on multiple shards are limited, hence any atom performing an inter-shard transfer is available on the previous owner shard and that of the new owner. This mitigates the need for a global state as well as reasonably reducing any expensive inter-shard state verification operating fir the prevention of "double spends".

Tempo uses a Gossip protocol for communicating information around the network to ensure speedy delivery of events to all nodes in a shard. Gossip protocol is a standard and dependable means of achieving mass propagation of information in peer-to-peer network. Nodes in the network updates their local ledgers using the active synchronization and gossip protocols. If an atom is being received bin this manner, a node will validate the atom against it's local ledger. In the case of a noticeable fault, a node communicates to other nodes to act and address the issue. This approach might not be completely efficient, in such case, nodes can query other nodes to acquire missing information and achieve eventual consistency with other networks on an event.

Atoms need to be routed to nodes which constitute the associated shards in order to get the right validation, to verify the casual history of any goods, state and other information.Endpoint destinations offers the routing information which is needed to ensure that appropriate nodes receives Atoms through the gossip communications layer.

The foundation of Tempo consensus is dependent Logical Clocks, a simple means of providing a relative, partial ordering of events in a distributed system.
Alll nodes have a local logical clock within Tempo; an integer value which increases consistently and represents the number of events the Nodes witnessed. When an event is being stored, the node equally stores its current logical clock value with it. The record can be of use in validating the temporal order of past events.

In a case where the storage of a complete copy of athe global ledger or atate does not require nodes, a universe is divided into shards. Shards maintain double spending in a case where there is no suitable Consensus algorithm that allows nodes verii the state changes across the shards. Temporal proofs offer a cost effective, tamper resistant solution to this dilemma.

When the length of a temporal proof is short, conflicts between atoms may not be properly resolved and an Atom might end up not being accurately verified. Very long lenghts increase the bandwidth load within the network unnecessarily and also the the time for an Atom to become final. Hence, the length of a temporal proof shoes the amount of nodes that should be part of the provisioning process.

Nodes make it known to the network a periodic commitment of all events seen to help out with the total order determination of events. This occurs when a node takes part in Temporal provisioning for an event, or willingly.

Anyone can run a node on Radix public network, which are in charge of validation of events, relaying messages and also executing scripts on the network. These actions as a collection, is refered to as work. The work must be rewarded for a public network to effectively function.

In conclusion, on Radix, all Work is grouped into Atoms submitted to the universe. All nodes on Radix network will be able to simultaneously maintain all shards as most will be void. Interestingly,there is not resource cost for holding an empty shard. As the network scales, each node will find it hard to maintain all shards, pruning of shards will therefore be adopted until the requirements of resources becomes equivalent to their available reasources.

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